There are several ways to calculate a selector’s specificity.
If two rules share the same weight, source and specificity, the later one is applied. Upon assessing a rule’s importance, the cascade attributes a specificity to it if one rule is more specific than another, it overrides it. This weight defines which properties will be applied to an element when there are conflicting rules. SpecificityĮvery CSS rule has a particular weight (as mentioned in the introduction), meaning it could be more or less important than the others or equally important. (A user might want a larger font or a different color, for example.) 2. This flexibility in priority is key because it allows users to override styles that could hamper the accessibility of a website. Knowing this, let’s look at the final order, in ascending order of importance: While author style sheets take precedence over user ones, if a user rule has !important applied to it, it will override even an author rule that also has !important applied to it. This declaration is used to balance the relative priority of user and author style sheets. There is also the !important declaration to consider in the cascade. Author This is the CSS provided by the page (whether inline, embedded or external)īy default, this is the order in which the different sources are processed, so the author’s rules will override those of the user and user agent, and so on.User Such as the user’s browser options.User agent For example, the browser’s default style sheet.
Style sheets can have a few different sources: By the end of this process, the cascade has assigned a weight to each rule, and this weight determines which rule takes precedence, when more than one applies. The cascade follows these three steps to determine which properties to assign to an element. The cascade is tied to three main concepts: importance, specificity and source order. It ultimately determines which properties will modify a given element. The notion of a “ cascade” is at the heart of CSS (just look at its name). Let’s look at what they mean and how they work. They will help you create clean, maintainable and flexible style sheets. Not very common words among Web designers, are they? Talking about border-radius and text-shadow is a lot more fun but specificity and inheritance are fundamental concepts that any person who wants to be good at CSS should understand. Two of these concepts are specificity and inheritance.
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The concepts may be hard to grasp and look boring at first, but understanding them and knowing how to take advantage of them is important. Understanding a few often overlooked concepts is also important.
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Knowing how to deal with these issues comes with experience, with trial and error and with failing massively and then learning the correct way. In a panic, you add hacks and filters where only a few tweaks or a different approach might do. If after a few hours of work, your perfectly crafted website looks great in Safari, all hell might break loose if you haven’t taken the necessary measures to make it work in Internet Explorer. It’s so simple, in fact, that you could style a simple CSS-based website within a few hours of learning it.īut this apparent simplicity is deceitful. Being clear and easy to understand, the syntax makes sense even to the inexperienced Web designer. CSS’ barrier to entry is extremely low, mainly due to the nature of its syntax.
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